“Orthosomnia” and sleep wearables: how digital tracking affects physiological well-being

Abstract

This paper examines how consumer sleep trackers work, their main benefits and limitations, and the effects of digital sleep monitoring on human psychological and physical well-being. It describes the main signals used by smartwatches, fitness bands, and mobile apps to estimate sleep and explains the differences between these technologies and medical polysomnography. Special attention is given to orthosomnia, which is an excessive focus on achieving perfect sleep scores. This focus may increase anxiety and negatively affect sleep quality. The paper also discusses how inaccurate tracker results, negative expectations, and changes in sleep habits may influence a person’s well-being. The study highlights the importance of using digital technologies responsibly, paying attention to personal well-being, and seeking medical advice when sleep problems continue.