Designing inclusive residential landscapes: a Space–Behavior–Perception approach

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and demographic diversification are reshaping the structure and functioning of residential environments. In high-density cities, inclusive landscape design faces increasing challenges related to spatial inequality and differentiated user needs. This study proposes a Space–Behavior–Perception (SBP) framework together with a Community Needs Mapping toolkit to support inclusive residential landscape design. The findings demonstrate that spatial accessibility, behavioral support, and perceptual inclusivity interact to determine overall inclusivity, while mobility-limited residents continue to experience spatial inequities. The results highlight the importance of integrated design approaches that address spatial, behavioral, and perceptual dimensions.